Which of the following is correctly matched? 1. Entisols – Immature soils that lack the vertical development of horizons. 2. Aridisols – soils that develop in very dry environments. 3. Mollisols – soils common to grassland environments.
Soils used to be classified into Urvara (fertile), and Usara (sterile) in ancient times. In the 16th century A.D., soils were classified based on their inherent characteristics and external features such as texture, colour, the slope of the land, and moisture content in the soil. Soil types were identified as sandy, clayey, silty and loam , etc based on their textures . Based on color , they were classified into red, yellow, black, etc. The National Bureau of Soil Survey and the Land Use Planning Institute under the control of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) hasclassified the Indian soils based on their nature and character as per the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) Soil Taxonomy. Chief characteristics of these are: Entisols: Immature soils that lack the vertical development of horizons . These soils are often associated with recently deposited sediments from wind, water, or ice erosion. Hence, Statement 1 is correct. Inceptisols: Young soils that are more developed than entisols . Vertisols : Heavy clay soils that show significant expansion and contraction due to the presence or absence of moisture . These are common in areas that have shale parent material and heavy precipitation. Aridisols: Soils that develop in very dry environments. Hence, Statement 2 is correct. Ultisols: Associated with humid temperate to tropical climates . Warm temperatures and the abundant variability of moisture enhance the weathering process and increase the rate of leaching in these soils. Mollisols: Soils common to grassland environments. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.